Located in the North Atlantic Ocean, between Greenland and Norway, northwest of the Faroe Islands, Iceland, including the islands attached to it, extends over 102,775 km27. Its relief, culminating at 2,109.6 m at Hvannadalshnjúkur, is rather mountainous, the center of the island constituting the Icelandic Highlands desert and the coasts being cut by fjords. More than 10% of the island is made up of glaciers. Iceland is located on the mid-Atlantic ridge separating the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates, which gives it an intense volcanic activity. Its climate is oceanic, temperate despite the latitudes, the polar influence being limited by the Gulf Stream.

Iceland was colonized by the Vikings from the ninth century onwards, although it was probably discovered earlier by Irish monks known as the Paparc. In 930, Icelandic leaders decided to create a common assembly, the Althing, the oldest parliament in the world. There followed a long period of independence known as the Icelandic Free State, during which the Christianization of Iceland was notably involved.
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